Department of English

Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University

2202124  Introduction to Translation

Informative Text (Thai-English) Discussion

Translate the following into English.

ตุ๊กแกเป็นสัตว์เลื้อยคลานชนิดหนึ่ง มีสีสันหลากหลาย เช่น น้ำตาล ดำ ฟ้าอ่อน และมีลายจุดสีส้มทั่วตัว ปรับสีได้ตามสภาพแวดล้อมที่อาศัย  ดวงตามีสีเขียวขนาดใหญ่  ความยาวเมื่อโตเต็มที่ประมาณ 30 เซนติเมตร

ตุ๊กแกออกหากินเวลากลางคืน   กินแมลงเป็นหลักและกินสัตว์ขนาดเล็กอย่างอื่นด้วย เช่น นกขนาดเล็กและหนู  ในฤดูผสมพันธุ์ ตัวผู้จะส่งเสียงร้องซ้ำ ๆ เพื่อหาคู่ตัวเมีย  เสียงร้องนี้เป็นเอกลักษณ์มากจนหลายภาษาในเอเชียใช้ตั้งเป็นชื่อของมัน

ตุ๊กแกพบได้ทั่วไปในประเทศไทย โดยเฉพาะภาคกลาง  ตุ๊กแกจัดเป็นสัตว์เศรษฐกิจชนิดหนึ่งของไทยและสร้างรายได้หลาย ล้านบาทต่อปี  ประเทศไทยส่งออกตุ๊กแกในรูปตุ๊กแกอบแห้งไปยังประเทศต่าง ๆ ในเอเชีย  เช่น จีน ไต้หวัน ฮ่องกง และมาเลเซีย ที่เชื่อว่าตุ๊กแกมีสรรพคุณเป็นยาอายุวัฒนะและรักษาโรคได้หลายชนิด

Reference

• ตุ๊กแก
• Jaime Corl, "Tokay Gecko," Animal Diversity Web, 1999.
  Habitat
  The Tokay Gecko lives in tropical rain forests, on cliffs and trees, and as pets amongst human habitation. They are arboreal (tree-dwelling and cliff-dwelling).
  
  Reproduction
  During breeding season, which lasts about 4-5 months, males copulate frequently with females, often grasping them with their mouths during copulation. During the breeding period, females lay eggs about every month. In order to attract a mate, a male has a call that can be heard over a wide area. This loud "to-kay" sound is repeated multiple times. The male approaches the female from the rear, and they move side to side while he holds her in place with his teeth, biting her in the neck region. The female looks for a laying- site, and when she finds the right one, she affixes the hard-shelled eggs (oval-shaped; anywhere from 3 mm to 45 mm) to a solid foundation where they are guarded by both parents until they hatch. In captivity, Tokay Geckoes are prone to eating their own eggs.
• "ตุ๊กแกบ้าน," สำนักงานความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพด้านป่าไม้, กรมป่าไม้  
  ชื่อทั่วไป
  Name    ตุ๊กแกบ้าน  
  ชื่อสามัญ
  Common Name    Tokay gecko
  ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์
  Scientific Name    Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758)
• "ตุ๊กแกบ้าน," ศูนย์รวมฐานข้อมูลสิ่งมีชีวิตในประเทศไทย, สำนักงานพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจจากฐานชีวภาพ
  ชื่อสามัญ    :    ตุ๊กแกบ้าน, ก้างแก้, เต๊าะแก, Tokay Gecko
  ชื่อท้องถิ่น    :    Tokay Gecko, ตุ๊กแกบ้าน
  แหล่งที่พบ    :    This species dwells in all habitats of forest and other plantations, including houses and gardens in towns.
• "ตุ๊กแก," ระบบฐานข้อมูลทรัพยากรชีวภาพและภูมิปัญญาท้องถิ่นของชุมชน, สำนักงานพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจจากฐานชีวภาพ
  ชื่อท้องถิ่น:    ตุ๊กแก
  ชื่อสามัญ:    ตุ๊กแกบ้าน
  ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์:    Gekko gecko
  ประเภทสัตว์:    สัตว์บก-สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน
  ลักษณะสัตว์:    ตุ๊กแกเป็นสัตว์ที่มีลักษณะคล้ายจิ้งจกแต่ขนาดลำตัวใหญ่กว่ามากและมีลายจุดสีน้ำตาล แดงทั้งตัว หากินกลางคืน (Nocturnal) กินอาหารที่เป็นสัตว์ที่มีชีวิต ใต้นิ้วเท้าแต่นิ้วจะมีแผ่นบาง ๆ เรียงซ้อนกัน ซึ่งแผ่นบางๆนี้แต่ละแผ่นจะมี setae ซึ่งเป็นเซลล์ที่มีตะขอขนาดเล็ก ทำให้ตุ๊กแกสารมารถเกาะติดกับผิวเรียบได้ เช่น ฝ้า เพดาน
• Taiwan
• Yung-Hui Chou, "Welcome to Taiwan," Tourism Bureau, Republic of China (Taiwan)
  Taiwan, as an island country, will continue its vigorous efforts to promote tourism and offshore-island exploration this year by initiating the “2018 Year of Bay Tourism” program.
• Hong Kong

Discussion

• ตุ๊กแกเป็นสัตว์เลื้อยคลานชนิดหนึ่ง มีสีสันหลากหลาย
• Tokay geckos are a varicolored reptile. [The sense of this tends toward: One tokay gecko can have many colors on its body.]
• The tokay gecko is a reptile that can be found in several colors. [The sense of this tends toward: Each tokay gecko has one color, but a different tokay can have another color.]

Gekko gecko, Emsworth Reptiles

มีสีสันหลากหลาย เช่น น้ำตาล ดำ ฟ้าอ่อน และมีลายจุดสีส้มทั่วตัว

• ประเทศต่าง ๆ ในเอเชีย...เช่น จีน ไต้หวัน ฮ่องกง และมาเลเซีย: Strictly speaking (as of 2021), Taiwan and Hong Kong are not countries. The English would read more credibly with a safer or broader term that applies to all the places on the list.
• เชื่อว่า
• believed to
• thought to
• reputed to

Vocabulary

• tokay gecko
• gecko
• lizard
• reptile
• colorful
• multicolored
• varicolored
• varicolored (Merriam-Webster)
  having various colors: variegated
  Ex. a varicolored butterfly
  also: of various colors
• dot
• splotch
• camouflage
• chameleon-like
• chameleonlike
• chameleonic
• chameleon
• chameleon (Merriam-Webster)
  1: any of a family (Chamaeleontidae) of chiefly arboreal Old World lizards with prehensile tail, independently movable eyeballs, and unusual ability to change the color of the skin
  2 a: a person who often changes his or her beliefs or behavior in order to please others or to succeed ex. She's a political chameleon.  b: one that is subject to quick or frequent change especially in appearance ex. Tourmaline is the chameleon of the gem kingdom because it can assume virtually any color.
  3: American chameleon
  — chameleonic play  \-ˌmē-lē-ˈä-nik\ adjective
  — chameleonlike play  \-ˌlīk\ adjective
• nocturnal
• กิน
• feed on
• eat
• insectivorous
• หนู
• rats
• mice
• mating season
• male
• female
• เสียงร้องนี้เป็นเอกลักษณ์มาก
• this distinctive call
• its signature cry
• its unique sound
• its characteristic croak
• เป็นเอกลักษณ์มาก
• distinctive
• characteristic
• signature
• สรรพคุณ
• benefits
• health benefits
• therapeutic effects
• uses
• รักษาโรคได้หลายชนิด
• รักษา
• treatment; treating
• remedy; remedies
• โรค
• diseases
• ailments
• conditions
• treatment of various diseases
• ยาอายุวัฒนะ
• slow the aging process
• increase lifespan
• improve general well-being
• promote quality of life
• a source of longevity
• life-extending
• anti-aging

Links

• Gecko Information
• "Tokay Gecko," Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute
  One of the largest living species of gecko, tokay geckos are native to Asia and the Indo-Australian Archipelago, where they often live in human habitations, eliminating unwanted insect pests.
  [...]
  They have soft, granular skin that feels velvety to the touch. The coloration of tokay geckos is very important to its lifestyle; the skin is usually gray with several brownish-red to bright red spots and flecks, but these geckos have the ability to lighten or darken the coloring of their skin. They usually do so in order to blend in or to be less noticeable to other animals.
  [...]
  Communication
  Tokay geckos communicate vocally, using calls to find members of the opposite sex during the breeding season, and as a means of defense (they emit a hissing or croaking noise when being attacked).
  
  Food/Eating Habits
  Tokay geckos are insectivorous, and eat pests such as cockroaches and locusts.
  [...]
  Reproduction and Development
  Around mating season, tokay geckos release a liquid from their femoral pores on their hind legs which is thought to attract a mate or to make copulation easier. Breeding season lasts about four to five months. Males mate frequently with females, often grasping them with their mouths. During the breeding period, females lay eggs every month.
  
  In order to attract a mate, males have a call that can be heard over a wide area. This loud "to-kay" sound is repeated multiple times; this sound gives these geckos their name. The male approaches the female from the rear and they move side to side while he holds her in place with his teeth, biting her in the neck region. The female looks for a laying site and when she finds the right one, she affixes the hard-shelled eggs (oval-shaped; anywhere from 3 mm to 45 mm) to a solid foundation where they are guarded by both parents until they hatch.
  
  Hatchlings are two to three inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters) long. Upon hatching, the young eat their outer covering of skin. They are sexually mature in about one year. Hatchlings are aggressive and will readily bite, just like their parents.
• Peter Uetz, "Gekko gecko (LINNAEUS, 1758)," The Reptile Database
• Laurel Neme, "How the International Trade in Geckos Is a Scam," National Geographic, 6 Jan. 2016.
• Kelly Dickerson, "Geckos' Sticky Secret? They Hang by Toe Hairs," Live Science, 12 Aug. 2014.
  Geckos are famous for their ability to scale vertical walls and even hang upside down, and now scientists understand more about how the expert climbers can pull off these gravity-defying feats: Geckos can quickly turn the stickiness of their feet on and off, a new study finds.
  
  Gecko toes are well-studied and their sticky properties have inspired some incredible technology, such as stitch-free ways to seal wounds and sticky handheld paddles that may help soldiers scale walls someday. For the past decade, researchers have been developing synthetic adhesives with nanoscale fibers designed to mimic bristly gecko toes.
  
  But new research on the subtleties of gecko adhesion shows that nature is still outpacing scientists in the lab.
• Debasis Sarkar, "Underground lizard trade worth million dollars flourishing in Indo-Bhutan foothills," The Economic Times, 29 Jan. 2014.
  [...]
  According to security agency intelligence, a piece of this lizard, weighing around 300g, could fetch a price ranging from USD 2M to even 20 Million. "Many times, low weight Geckos, caught to be smuggled, are injected with mercury to increase weight though that eventually kills the animal after some days," said foresters.
  [...]
  It is largely believed that dried tongue or stomach of the animal is used in China as anti asthma or anti cancer drug. Its body part powder is also used there as aphrodisiacs.
  [...]
  The animal is now under watch of another sector. Research is going on to artificially replicate adhesion property of Gekco's feet to develop a perfect reusable tape to use as non invasive injury healing material replacing conventional stitching or stapling items used in deep cut wounds.
• Nicholas St. Fleur, "How Do Geckos’ Feet Work?," Huffington Post, 10 Aug. 2012.
  The key to the gecko’s sticking success lies in tiny hairlike structures, called setae, found on the base of its toes. Each of these microscopic bristles can split into hundreds of nano-sized tips called septulae. Septulae create so-called van der Waals interactions between their molecules and the molecules of the surface that a lizard is clinging to. Such interactions are normally weak, but because there are millions of septulae on each of a gecko’s toes, each tiny bristle adds a small grip, which together creates a secure hold. A million setae, which would fit neatly on a dime, could support the weight of a child.
• "GeckSkin™," College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
  What is GeckSkin™?
  Geckskin™ is a new super-adhesive based on the mechanics of gecko feet.
  Named one of the top five science breakthroughs of 2012 by CNN Money, Geckskin™ is so powerful that an index-card sized piece can hold 700 pounds on a smooth surface, such as glass, yet can be easily released, and leaves no residue.
  
  Geckskin™ offers tantalizing possibilities for synthetic devices that can easily attach and detach everyday objects such as televisions or computers to walls, as well as medical, industrial, clothing, and home applications.
  [...]
  Geckskin™ was formally revealed to the world in February of 2012, with the publication of an article in the journal Advanced Materials. Crosby, Irschick, doctoral candidate Mike Bartlett, and the rest of the research team had unlocked the simple yet elegant gecko secret for adhesion and created a novel technology that is revolutionizing how we attach objects together.
• Kevin McCurley, "Tokay Gecko Care," Reptiles Magazine
• "เผยโฉมหน้า 'ตุ๊กแก' สัตว์ป่าคุ้มครองของไทย," Thai PBS, 23 Mar. 2017.
  กรมอุทยานแห่งชาติสัตว์ป่าและพันธุ์พืช กำหนดตุ๊กแก 19 ชนิดเป็นสัตว์ป่าคุ้มครองภายใต้ พ.ร.บ.สงวนและคุ้มครองสัตว์ป่า 2535 หากจับมีโทษจำคุก 4 ปี ปรับ 40,000 บาท หรือทั้งจำทั้งปรับ
• เพ็ญพิชญา เตียว, "'ตุ๊กแกบ้าน'มีประโยชน์...ช่วยจัดระบบนิเวศน์ คุมศัตรูพืช," Thairath, 24 Aug. 2010.
  ข่าวการรับซื้อ "ตุ๊กแก" ตัวเป็นๆที่สนนราคาเรือนแสน เพื่อไปเป็นส่วนประกอบการทำยารักษาโรคร้าย ได้สร้างความฮือฮา โดยที่ผ่านมาเป็นที่รู้กันว่าไทยเรามีการส่งออกในรูป "ตากแห้ง" ไปยัง "แดนมังกร" ฮ่องกง ไต้หวัน และมาเลเซีย เพื่อทำเมนู "เปิบ" ซึ่งทางกรมอุทยานสัตว์ป่าและพันธุ์พืชเผยกับ  "หลายชีวิต" ว่า แต่ละปีมีการส่งออกนับหลายแสนตัว การ "โกอินเตอร์" ดังกล่าว ทำให้หลายคนกริ่งเกรงว่าพวกมันจะสูญพันธุ์ไปจากผนังบ้านเรือน
• Watee Kongbuntad et al., "Genetic diversity of the red-spotted tokay gecko (Gekko gecko Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in Southeast Asia determined with multilocus enzyme electrophoresis," Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 9.1 (2016).
  Red-spotted tokay geckos, Gekko gecko, are distributed mainly in Southeast Asia. They are a traditional Chinese medicine, with the massive hunting for exports dramatically decreasing their numbers. Information on the genetic diversity of these geckos in Southeast Asia is very limited. This study aims to explore intrapopulation and interpopulation genetic variation and the genetic structure of 16 populations collected from different localities in Thailand, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Cambodia using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Relatively high genetic diversity occurred at both the intrapopulation and interpopulation levels.
• Other Health Products
• Ginseng
• "Ginseng," University of Rochester Medical Center
  Ginseng is a popular herb. A common name for ginseng is "man-root." This is because the root is shaped like a person. It has benefits for the whole body. The medicinal part is made of the dried main and lateral root and root hairs.
  
  Medically valid uses
  Animal studies show that ginseng improves stamina. It may also increase the activity of the immune system. There are no established uses for ginseng in humans.
• Jae Joon Wee, Kyeong Mee Park, and An-Sik Chung, "Biological Activities of Ginseng and Its Application to Human Health," Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects (2011)
  Ginseng is a medicinal plant widely used for the treatment of various conditions. The pharmacological effects of ginseng have been demonstrated in cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and have been used for promoting immune function, central nervous system (CNS) function, relieving stress, and for its antioxidant activities (Jung and Jin 1996). The root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which is known as Korean or Asian ginseng, is a valuable and an important folk medicine in East Asian countries, including China, Korea, and Japan, for more than 2000 years. Panax is derived from the word “panacea,” which means a cure for all diseases and a source of longevity as well as physical strength and resistance. As the use of traditional Chinese herbs for medicinal and dietary purposes becomes increasingly popular in Western countries, sales of P. ginseng are increasing in North America and Europe as well as in other parts of the world.
• "Herbal Extract Found to Increase Lifespan," University of California - Irvine, ScienceDaily, 10 Dec. 2007, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071205115232.htm.
  The herbal extract of a yellow-flowered mountain plant indigenous to the Arctic regions of Europe and Asia increased the lifespan of fruit fly populations, according to a University of California, Irvine study.
  Flies that ate a diet rich with Rhodiola rosea, an herbal supplement long used for its purported stress-relief effects, lived on an average of 10 percent longer than fly groups that didn’t eat the herb.
• Dennis McKenna, "How Long Have Humans Used Botanicals?," University of Minnesota, 2016, https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/how-long-have-humans-used-botanicals.
  It is likely that humans have used plants as medicine for as long as we have existed. Archeological excavations dated as early as 60,000 years ago have found remains of medicinal plants, such as opium poppies, ephedra, and cannabis.
• Si-Yuan Pan, et al. "Historical Perspective of Traditional Indigenous Medical Practices: The Current Renaissance and Conservation of Herbal Resources," US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 27 Apr. 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020364/.
  Abstract
  In recent years, increasing numbers of people have been choosing herbal medicines or products to improve their health conditions, either alone or in combination with others. Herbs are staging a comeback and herbal “renaissance” occurs all over the world. According to the World Health Organization, 75% of the world's populations are using herbs for basic healthcare needs. Since the dawn of mankind, in fact, the use of herbs/plants has offered an effective medicine for the treatment of illnesses. Moreover, many conventional/pharmaceutical drugs are derived directly from both nature and traditional remedies distributed around the world. Up to now, the practice of herbal medicine entails the use of more than 53,000 species, and a number of these are facing the threat of extinction due to overexploitation. This paper aims to provide a review of the history and status quo of Chinese, Indian, and Arabic herbal medicines in terms of their significant contribution to the health promotion in present-day over-populated and aging societies. Attention will be focused on the depletion of plant resources on earth in meeting the increasing demand for herbs.

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Last updated March 24, 2021