Set working directory to a source file.
setwd(dirname(rstudioapi::getSourceEditorContext()$path)) Then, load the data. solar_data <- read.csv("data/RES_STAT_Lab6_Data.csv") solar_data$inno <- factor(solar_data$inno, levels = c("innovators", "early adopters", "early majority", "late majority", "laggards"), ordered = TRUE) head(solar_data$inno)
## [1] early majority laggards       early adopters late majority  innovators     early adopters
## Levels: innovators < early adopters < early majority < late majority < laggards

# Boxplot

A boxplot is a classic visualization of a distribution. You can run the function in the base R or with the ggplot2 package. ## Base R

boxplot(solar_data$attitude) You can also assign an object name for your plot. bp <- boxplot(solar_data$attitude) #This still prints out the plot.

bp
## $stats ## [,1] ## [1,] 0.625 ## [2,] 2.250 ## [3,] 2.875 ## [4,] 3.375 ## [5,] 4.000 ## ##$n
## [1] 304
##
## $conf ## [,1] ## [1,] 2.773053 ## [2,] 2.976947 ## ##$out
## [1] 0.250 0.000 0.000 0.375 0.000 0.250
##
## $group ## [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 ## ##$names
## [1] "1"

The object bp is a list containing information about the plot.
$stat contains 1) lower whisker or -1.5 IQR, 2) lower hinge or 25th quantile, 3) median or 50th quantile, 4) upper hinge or 75th quantile, and 5) upper whisker or +1.5 IQR. $n is the number of observations. $out list are values of outliers that lie outside the whiskers See help(boxplot) for more information. The values in boxplot object can be access as a list. This can be useful. For example, we could use $out to identify outliers data in the dataset.

solar_data[solar_data$attitude %in% bp$out, ] 
##      id              user deci    sex age kno1 kno2 kno3 kno4 kno5 kno6 kno7 kno8           inno att1 att2 att3 att4 att5 att6 att7 att8
## 19   22 regular residence    2   male  47    3    1    5    5    5    5    5    1 early majority    1    1    1    1    3    1    1    1
## 38   44 regular residence    2 female  59    2    2    2    2    2    2    2    2 early adopters    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1
## 118 141 regular residence    2 female  59    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1       laggards    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1
## 128 158 regular residence    2 female  39    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1  late majority    1    3    2    1    1    1    1    1
## 157 198   small residence    2   male  72    1    3    2    1    1    1    1    1       laggards    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1
## 281 350   small residence    2 female  50    2    1    1    1    1    2    1    1  late majority    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    2
##           interest re_att1 re_att2 re_att3 re_att4 re_att5 re_att6 re_att7 re_att8 re_kno1 re_kno2 re_kno3 re_kno4 re_kno5 re_kno6 re_kno7 re_kno8
## 19  definitely not       0       0       0       0       2       0       0       0       2       0       4       4       4       4       4       0
## 38    probably not       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       1       1       1       1       1       1       1       1
## 118  probably will       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 128  probably will       0       2       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 157 definitely not       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       2       1       0       0       0       0       0
## 281   probably not       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       1       1       0       0       0       0       1       0       0
##     attitude knowledge
## 19     0.250     2.750
## 38     0.000     1.000
## 118    0.000     0.000
## 128    0.375     0.000
## 157    0.000     0.375
## 281    0.250     0.250
#%in% is a value matching function. We match value in $attitude with the outliers,$out.

### Multiple Boxes

When exploring the data, you can use boxplot to simultaneously check distributions of multiple items at once.

boxplot(solar_data[, c("att1", "att2", "att3", "att4", "att5")]) #check distributions of item att1-5

### Boxplots by group

You can use formula to create boxplots by each level of a factor. In the formula attitude ~ inno, attitude is split by the factor inno. The solar_data is the dataset of variables in a formula.
xlab and ylab are labels for x- and y-axis, respectively.

boxplot(attitude ~ inno, solar_data, xlab = "Innovator Groups", ylab = "Attitude Score")

## Boxplot with ggplot2

While the base R is simple, ggplot2 offers a more coherent way of writing a code for graphics. It employs the “Grammar of Graphics.” The main components are 1) a data, 2) aesthethics, and 3) geometries.

Data is the data you want to plot. Aesthetics aes() is how you want to map the data to the plot scale. Geommetries (geom) is the visual elements of the plot (e.g., lines, dots, bars)

There are other option layers, such as themes, statistics, coordinates, and facet. The graphics are built by the multiple layers.

The function ggplot is the main function to plot graphics. The first argument is the data solar_data. The second argument is aesthetics aes(). Inside we specify y = attitude, meaning that we want to plot the value on attitude on the y-axis. After that, we use a + sign to tell the function that we still want to add more layers.
Then we add a geometry layer geom_boxplot() to create a boxplot. Then + the theme layer theme_classic().

library(ggplot2) #load the ggplot2 package
ggplot(solar_data, aes(y = attitude)) +
geom_boxplot() +
theme_classic() #Classic theme is the most similar to the APA style. 

### Boxplot by groups

You can specify a factor x in aes() to create boxplots by groups. In this case, we use inno for grouping on the x-axis.

ggplot(solar_data, aes(x = inno, y = attitude)) +
geom_boxplot() +
theme_classic()

# Histogram

If you want to see the shape of a distribution, you will need a histogram.

## Base R

h <- hist(solar_data$attitude) h ##$breaks
## [1] 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
##
## $counts ## [1] 6 7 11 30 47 95 75 33 ## ##$density
## [1] 0.03947368 0.04605263 0.07236842 0.19736842 0.30921053 0.62500000 0.49342105 0.21710526
##
## $mids ## [1] 0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25 3.75 ## ##$xname
## [1] "solar_data$attitude" ## ##$equidist
## [1] TRUE
##
## attr(,"class")
## [1] "histogram"

The object h is a list of values for a histogram. breaks = the boundary of bins. counts = frequencies for each bin. density = estimated density values. mid = midpoints for each bin. equidist = logical, if the bin sizes are equal.

R will automatically decide how to bins look like. If you want your histogram to look a certain way, you will use the argument breaks. There are multiple ways to use the argument breaks (see Help). We will use a vector to determine the boundary of the bins.

# First create a vector from 0 to 4 with a 0.25 step.
b <- seq(0, 4, 0.25)
b
##  [1] 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00
# Then use b in the argument breaks.
hist(solar_data$attitude, breaks = b) # alternative: hist(solar_data$attitude, breaks = seq(0, 4, 0.25))

# use col for color and ylim for the range of y-axis.

## ggplot2

ggplot(solar_data, aes(attitude)) +
geom_density(color = "red", fill = "pink") +
theme_classic()

We can overlay the density plot on the histogram plot by layer them together.

ggplot(solar_data, aes(attitude)) +
# histogram layer
geom_histogram(binwidth = .25,
aes(y = ..density..), #histogram of density
color = "black",
fill = "white") +
# density plot layer
geom_density(alpha = .2, color = "forestgreen", fill = "forestgreen") + #alpha = transparent level
theme_classic() +
facet_wrap(~ inno)

# Violin Plot

A violin plot is a hybrid between a density and a boxplot. ## Violin with ggplot2 Violin plots are usualy used to compare distributions for each leve of a factor. For the aes(), we use x = inno to split plots by innovator groups. y = attitude to plot the distribution on the y-axis. fill = inno to fill color automatically by innovator groups.

ggplot(solar_data, aes(x = inno, y = attitude, fill = inno)) +
geom_violin() +
theme_classic()

## Violin plot with data points

We can add geom_jitter layer to illustrate how data points distribute in the plot.

ggplot(solar_data, aes(x = inno, y = attitude, fill = inno)) +
geom_violin() +
geom_jitter(width = .15) + #width = 15% to keep most dots in each violin.
theme_classic()`