The
role of Swamp buffalo in agriculture
Production
of small farm holder
Do
Kim Tuyen,
Ruminant
Division, Department of Agricultural and Forestry Extention
(DAFE)
1. Introduction
In
Traditionally, buffaloes were raised by small farm holders for
multipurpose in agriculture production. The local swamp buffalo have low meat
and milk production and low reproductive efficiency due to long gestation
period, long calving interval, silence heat and low conception rate. However,
swamp buffaloes are well suited to poor feeding management as well as adapted
to the hot-humid tropical climate conditions.
From
1990 to present the growing rate of Swamp buffalo population of Vietnam had
been affected by various factors, such as cattle is consideration more
importance than buffalo in livestock development plan and no policy for buffalo
development for last 10 yrars, fast national
population grow, local economic development, mechanization and fast
Urbanization…
2. Population and distribution
Although buffalo population in the world is increasing
about 1.3% annually but the rate
Of increase of swamp buffalo in
Note: 1. Livestock Production Division, Department of
Agricultural & Forestry Extension
(DAFE) MARD). 2. National
Institute f Animal Husbandry (NIAH)
buffalo meat production is always contributed more than 50% of total ruminant
meat production of the country.
Table 1:
Year |
|
% Compare with 1990 |
1990 |
2,854100 |
100% |
1991 |
2,858600 |
100.2% |
1992 |
2,886500 |
101.2% |
1993 |
2,960800 |
103.7% |
1994 |
2,977300 |
104.2% |
1995 |
2,962800 |
103.7% |
1996 |
2,953700 |
103.6% |
1997 |
2,943700 |
103.1% |
1998 |
2,951400 |
103.3% |
1999 |
2,955728 |
103.5% |
2000 |
2,958355 |
104.5% |
2001 |
2,807874 |
98.38% |
2002 |
2,814452 |
98.61% |
Source : State Statistic Department, 2002
There
was a reduction in the population of swamp buffalo from 1995 to 1999 due to a
decrease in the grazing land as a result of an increase in the area under
cultivation (Table 1). This situation was happened in the lowland, particular
in the
Swamp
buffalo is distributed in all parts of
Ecological regions |
2000 |
||
|
Population (100
heads) |
Growth
rate (%) |
The
rate of Population % |
1. Northern Mountain |
1721 |
0.49 |
52.00 |
2. |
166 |
-4.1 |
8.40 |
3. North Central coast |
676 |
1.19 |
22.00 |
4. South Central coast |
128 |
0.78 |
4.60 |
5. Central Highland |
51.4 |
0.78 |
1.60 |
6. North East South |
141.8 |
-5.1 |
6.40 |
7. |
71.4 |
-5.88 |
5.00 |
Total |
2958 |
0.101 |
100.00 |
Source: State Statistic Department, 2000
3. Body size and growth
The
body size of swamp buffalo in
The
small farm holder priority raising buffaloes were draught power, manure as
fertilizer for crop fields and as saving bank. So meat production was not the
main focus of these small farmers. Traditional farming practice are used
extensively and generally include day time grazing; supplemented with rice
straw when animal is confined or at night.
Feed
insufficient during the dry season and cold season is a major factor causing
slow to negative body growth in farmer’s buffaloes. Techniques for improved
utilization for rice straw are available as urea treatment or silage and hay
making but adoption of these technology has been
extremely low in buffalo feeding due to lack of economic incentives.
Regions Parameters |
|
South eastern Provinces (2) |
Central area (3) |
|
Female
|
|
|
|
|
Height at withers (cm) |
127 |
126 |
121 |
118 |
Length of body (cm) |
141 |
132 |
128 |
127 |
Height girth (cm) |
192 |
193 |
191 |
180 |
Live-weight (kg) |
458 |
434 |
417 |
358 |
Male
|
|
|
|
|
Height at withers (cm) |
131 |
129 |
129 |
121 |
Length of body (cm) |
143 |
135 |
136 |
133 |
Height girth (cm) |
198 |
197 |
198 |
190 |
Live-weight (kg) |
494 |
464 |
494 |
428 |
Source:
(1) Tu (1987); (2) Hong (1978); (3)
Thc (1985)
4. Reproduction
The
buffaloes attain puberty at a later age than cattle (Table 4). The river type
exhibits
first estrous earlier (15 to 18 months) than swamp type (21 to 24 months).
First conception occurs at an average body weight of 250 to 275 kg, which is
usually attained at 24 to 36 months of age.
In
Parameters |
Cattle mean (range) |
|
Sexual season |
polyestrous |
Polyestrous |
Age at puberty (months) |
15 (10-24) |
21(15-36) |
Oestrous: Length (days) |
21(14-29) |
21(18-22) |
Oestrus (hours) |
18(12-30) |
21(17-24) |
Ovulation : Type |
Spontaneous |
Spontaneous |
Time of onset (hours) |
30 (18-48) |
32 (18-45) |
Number of eggs shed |
1 |
1 |
Life span of corpus lutetium |
16 |
16 |
Gestation on length (days) |
280 (276-293) |
315(305-330) |
Age at first calving (months) |
30(24-36) |
42(36-56) |
Calving interval (months) |
13(12-14) |
18(15-21) |
The
fertility rate of the swamp buffalo herd, on average, is low at about 30-40%.
The factors contributing to the low reproduction rate are numerous, such as the
stress of working condition, poor nutrition and management, shortage of grazing
area and poor knowledge about reproduction of farmers. The “silent estrous” is
also a serious problem when attempts to implement artificial insemination (AI).
Up to the present, availability of good quality breeding bulls at village level
is still a limitation for increasing reproductive efficiency in swamp
buffaloes. Farmers often mate female buffaloes to good bulls available in the
village, regardless of the risk of inbreeding and usually a field-master bull
mates all female buffaloes in a given area.
5. Feeding and management
In
techniques
are mostly primitive. Management practices are based on extensive systems and
buffaloes are freely grazed on natural grasses land, forests, roadsides, canal
banks, rice field after harvesting and dikes, etc… They are also fed with rice
straw or other crop residues in the dry season and working season. Farmers
normally do not fatten buffaloes before sell for meat but middle man
occasionally by and fatten them by good quality grass and some concentrate
before sale. Buffaloes are mainly slaughtered when they are not able to work
due to old age or as a result of accidents. Housing for buffaloes is simple and
often made by local materials such as wood or bamboo with a palm leaves roof in
the mountain area, but in the plain area the housing for buffalo is better with
concrete floor and brick wall and tile roof.
After
harvesting, farmers in most areas let their buffalo free to look after
themselves in the natural grazing areas. But in irrigated areas, farmers have
to look after their animal everyday. Tending buffalo is usually regarded to
children and the old family members who can not work hard.
6. The function of swamp buffalo in agriculture
production
A, Farm integration: In
Vietnam, agriculture production system now is mainly belong to the small farm
holder. Buffaloes are still the main animal for preparing paddy fields and
transportation mean of farm products, The integration
of crops and buffaloes make use of available crop by-products, and transfer to
the form of protein as meat and milk for human consumption. Manure from buffalo
represent buffer assets which can be realized at any
time, adding further stability to the self-sufficiency crop livestock
production.
B, Farm cash income: Swamp buffalo can utilize waste
and crops by products as straw, grasses which can not utilize by human. It can serve
as long term capital reserve by using local natural resource as long as fodder resource are freely accessible at no charge. Rearing buffalo as mean of financial security for the small farm
holder. In addition, sale of progeny or unproductive buffalo and their
dung provide cash in come to the small farm holders.
C, Food security: Food security can defined
by a combination of balance between availability and need, avoid of food
shortage & nutrition different and adequate food quality.
7. The role of buffalo in mall farm holder
In
cultivation.
The large feet slow steady movement and heavy draught capacity of the swamp
buffaloes make them particularly well suited for paddy cultivation in swampy,
waterlogged rice-fields. In addition, exist various
social, cultural and economical conditions which make the use of buffalo for
draught a very appropriate and profitable farming technique. However, it is
without for meat, which is inevitably of poor quality. In fact, buffalo meat
can have high quality comparable with beef.
Swamp
buffalo production is less economic importance in term GDP but its economic
importance to small farm holder is generally underestimated by their multipurpose
contributions which increase income of the poor in rural areas.
8. Problems and Constraints
As may countries in the world, swamp buffalo is most
neglected and forgotten animal in
-
More consideration
of cattle production compared to buffalo in livestock development plan. There
were no extension program and less research budged support for buffalo
production, so buffalo production system had been paid no attention by State
management organizations from Central to grass-root levels.
-
From 1990 to
2002, there is no program and no policy for buffalo development and no
extension service concerning to buffalo from Department of Agricultural and
Forestry Extension (DAFE) of MARD.
-
Lacking of grazing
land areas by the result of reforestation program and shortage of forest during
the winter season affected to the growth rate and low reproductive efficiency
of swamp buffalo.
-
Acceptability of
buffalo meat: A major problem of swamp buffalo development is low acceptability
of buffalo meat. It is considered to be more fibrous, darker, less tender and
poor nutrition. The main problem for this is that buffalo meat is mainly from
old and reared under poor plan nutrition.
-
Price distortion
of buffalo over cattle.
-
Low productivity:
low growth rate and specially low calving rate, the
reason for this including due to lacking of common grazing area and bulls.
-
Lacking of
breeding improvement program and policy supporting for raising or keeping of
the breeding buffalo bull for natural service.
9. Summary and Conclusion
Until now, Swamp buffalo production
in
agriculture production of small farm holder, specially to the farmer in
the mountain area by supplying of draught power, fertilizer and take full
advantage of available as feed resources, spare time and subsidiary labor.
Annually,
buffalo population increasing rate in the last 12 year is very low (0.78%)
compeer with cattle (2.8%). It is need to improve buffalo population in the
coming year by establish the breeding program for swamp buffalo and focus on
selection of good bull & cow for producing high quality of buffalo beef.
It
is necessary to improve feeding and management system for swamp buffalo in small
farm holder for higher meat production and better reproductive efficiency.
In
the coming years, may be from 2003 it is need to have the state budged for breeding
program, including research and extension services for buffalo development in Vietnam.
Better use of available by-products and transfer the appropriate technology to
farmer for improving buffalo production in rural areas.